The added value of SLN mapping with indocyanine green in low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancer management: a systematic review and meta-analysis / 부인종양

Objective@#The aim of this study was to assess the SLN detection rate in presumed early stage, low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancers, the incidence of SLN metastases, and the negative predictive value of SLN mapping performed with indocyanine green (ICG). @*Methods@#A systematic review with meta-analyses was conducted. Study inclusion criteria were A) low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancer, B) the use of ICG per cervical injection; C) a minimum of twenty included patients per study. To assess the negative predictive value of SLN mapping, D) a subsequent lymphadenectomy was an additional inclusion criterion. @*Results@#Fourteen studies were selected, involving 2,117 patients. The overall and bilateral SLN detection rates were 95.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]=92.4%–97.9%) and 76.5% (95% CI=68.1%–84.0%), respectively. The incidence of SLN metastases was 9.6% (95% CI=5.1%–15.2%) in patients with grade 1–2 endometrial cancer and 11.8% (95% CI=8.1%–16.1%) in patients with grade 1–3 endometrial cancer. The negative predictive value of SLN mapping was 100% (95% CI=98.8%–100%) in studies that included grade 1–2 endometrial cancer and 99.2% (95% CI=97.9%–99.9%) in studies that also included grade 3. @*Conclusion@#SLN mapping with ICG is feasible with a high detection rate and negative predictive value in low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancers. Given the incidence of SLN metastases is approximately 10% in those patients, SLN mapping may lead to stage shifting with potential therapeutic consequences. Given the high negative predictive value with SLN mapping, routine lymphadenectomy should be omitted in low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancer.

Age-specific predictors of cervical dysplasia recurrence after primary conization: analysis of 3,212 women / 부인종양

Objective@#This study aimed to identify predictors of recurrence/persistence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ (CIN2+) lesion (r-CIN2+) after primary conization. @*Methods@#Retrospective analysis involving all consecutive women having conization for CIN2+ between 1998 and 2018. The risk of r-CIN2+ was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox models. @*Results@#Data of 3,212 women were retrospectively identified. After a mean follow-up of 47 (±22.2) months, 112 (3.5%) patients developed r-CIN2+. Mean time interval between prior conization and diagnosis of r-CIN2+ was 26.2 (±13.2) months. Via multivariate analysis, presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types at the time of CIN2+ diagnosis, hazard ratio (HR)=3.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.66–6.95) for HPV16/18 and HR=2.59 (95% CI=1.21–5.55) for HPV types other than 16/18, positive margins at primary conization, HR=4.11 (95% CI=2.04–8.26) and HPV persistence after conization, HR=16.69 (95% CI=8.20–33.9), correlated with r-CIN2+, independently. Considering age-specific HPV types distribution, we observed that HPV16/18 infection correlated to an increased risk of r-CIN2+ only in young women (aged ≤25 years; p=0.031, log-rank test); while in the older population (>25 years) HPV type(s) involved had not impact on r-CIN2+ risk (p>0.200, log-rank test). @*Conclusion@#HPV persistence is the main factor predicting r-CIN2+. Infection from HPV16/18 has a detrimental effect in young women, thus highlighting the need of implementing vaccination against HPV in this population. Further prospective studies are warranted for tailoring clinical decision-making for post-conization follow-up on the basis of risk factors.

Survival implication of lymphadenectomy in patients surgically treated for apparent early-stage uterine serous carcinoma / 부인종양

Objective@#Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a rare highly aggressive disease. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the survival implication of the systematic lymphadenectomy in patients who underwent surgery for apparent early-stage USC. @*Methods@#Consecutive patients with apparent early-stage USC surgically treated at six Italian referral cancer centers were analyzed. A comparison was made between patients who underwent retroperitoneal staging including at least pelvic lymphadenectomy “LND” vs.those who underwent hysterectomy alone “NO-LND”. Baseline, surgical and oncological outcomes were analyzed. Kaplan- Meier curves were calculated for disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Associations were evaluated with Cox proportional hazard regression and summarized using hazard ratio (HR). @*Results@#One hundred forty patients were analyzed, 106 LND and 34 NO-LND. NO-LND group (compared to LND group) included older patients (median age, 73 vs.67 years) and with higher comorbidities (median Charlson Comorbidity Index, 6 vs. 5) (p<0.001). No differences in terms of recurrence rate (LND vs. NO-LND, 33.1% vs. 41.4%; p=0.240) were observed. At Cox regression analysis lymphadenectomy did not significantly influence DFS (HR=0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.32–1.08; p=0.09), and DSS (HR=0.14; 95% CI=0.02–1.21; multivariable analysis p=0.07). Positive node was independently associated with worse DFS (HR=6.22; 95% CI=3.08–12.60; p<0.001) and DSS (HR=5.51; 95% CI=2.31– 13.10; p<0.001), while adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved DFS (HR=0.38;95% CI=0.17–0.86; p=0.02) and age was independently associated with worse DSS (HR=1.07;95% CI=1.02–1.13; p<0.001). @*Conclusions@#Although lymphadenectomy did not show survival benefits in patients who underwent surgery for apparent early-stage USC, the presence of lymph node metastasis was the main adverse prognostic factors, supporting the prognostic role of the retroperitoneal staging also in this histological subtype.

Impact of COVID-19 in gynecologic oncology: a Nationwide Italian Survey of the SIGO and MITO groups / 부인종양

Objective@#Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused rapid and drastic changes in cancer management. The Italian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (SIGO), and the Multicenter Italian Trials in Ovarian cancer and gynecologic malignancies (MITO) promoted a national survey aiming to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on clinical activity of gynecologist oncologists and to assess the implementation of containment measures against COVID-19 diffusion. @*Methods@#The survey consisted of a self-administered, anonymous, online questionnaire. Thesurvey was sent via email to all the members of the SIGO, and MITO groups on April 7, 2020, and was closed on April 20, 2020. @*Results@#Overall, 604 participants completed the questionnaire with a response-rate of 70%. The results of this survey suggest that gynecologic oncology units had set a proactive approach to COVID-19 outbreak. Triage methods were adopted in order to minimize in-hospital diffusion of COVID-19. Only 38% of gynecologic surgeons were concerned about COVID-19 outbreak. Although 73% of the participants stated that COVID-19 has not significantly modified their everyday practice, 21% declared a decrease of the use of laparoscopy in favor of open surgery (19%). However, less than 50% of surgeons adopted specific protection against COVID-19. Additionally, responders suggested to delay cancer treatment (10%–15%), and to perform less radical surgical procedures (20%–25%) during COVID-19 pandemic. @*Conclusions@#National guidelines should be implemented to further promote the safety of patients and health care providers. International cooperation is of paramount importance, as heavily affected nations can serve as an example to find out ways to safely preserve clinical activity during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Gynecologic oncology at the time of COVID-19 outbreak / 부인종양

The World Health Organization (WHO) classified the novel coronavirus (i.e., coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) as a global public health emergency. COVID-19 threatens to curtail patient access to evidence-based treatment. Medicine is changing, basically due to the limited available resources. In the field of gynecologic oncology, we have to re-design our treatments' paradigm. During COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, the highest priority is to achieve the maximum benefit from less demanding procedures. Extensive procedures should be avoided, in order to reduce hospitalization and postoperative events that might increase the in-hospital spread of the virus. There are ongoing concerns on the use of laparoscopic procedures, related to the possible contamination of the staff working in the operation room.Other minimally invasive techniques, including, vaginal surgery as well as robotic-assisted and isobaric procedures would be preferred over laparoscopy. A fair allocation of resources is paramount adequate treatments.

Age-specific predictors of cervical dysplasia recurrence after primary conization: analysis of 3,212 women / 부인종양

Objective@#This study aimed to identify predictors of recurrence/persistence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ (CIN2+) lesion (r-CIN2+) after primary conization. @*Methods@#Retrospective analysis involving all consecutive women having conization for CIN2+ between 1998 and 2018. The risk of r-CIN2+ was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox models. @*Results@#Data of 3,212 women were retrospectively identified. After a mean follow-up of 47 (±22.2) months, 112 (3.5%) patients developed r-CIN2+. Mean time interval between prior conization and diagnosis of r-CIN2+ was 26.2 (±13.2) months. Via multivariate analysis, presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types at the time of CIN2+ diagnosis, hazard ratio (HR)=3.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.66–6.95) for HPV16/18 and HR=2.59 (95% CI=1.21–5.55) for HPV types other than 16/18, positive margins at primary conization, HR=4.11 (95% CI=2.04–8.26) and HPV persistence after conization, HR=16.69 (95% CI=8.20–33.9), correlated with r-CIN2+, independently. Considering age-specific HPV types distribution, we observed that HPV16/18 infection correlated to an increased risk of r-CIN2+ only in young women (aged ≤25 years; p=0.031, log-rank test); while in the older population (>25 years) HPV type(s) involved had not impact on r-CIN2+ risk (p>0.200, log-rank test). @*Conclusion@#HPV persistence is the main factor predicting r-CIN2+. Infection from HPV16/18 has a detrimental effect in young women, thus highlighting the need of implementing vaccination against HPV in this population. Further prospective studies are warranted for tailoring clinical decision-making for post-conization follow-up on the basis of risk factors.

Survival implication of lymphadenectomy in patients surgically treated for apparent early-stage uterine serous carcinoma / 부인종양

Objective@#Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a rare highly aggressive disease. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the survival implication of the systematic lymphadenectomy in patients who underwent surgery for apparent early-stage USC. @*Methods@#Consecutive patients with apparent early-stage USC surgically treated at six Italian referral cancer centers were analyzed. A comparison was made between patients who underwent retroperitoneal staging including at least pelvic lymphadenectomy “LND” vs.those who underwent hysterectomy alone “NO-LND”. Baseline, surgical and oncological outcomes were analyzed. Kaplan- Meier curves were calculated for disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Associations were evaluated with Cox proportional hazard regression and summarized using hazard ratio (HR). @*Results@#One hundred forty patients were analyzed, 106 LND and 34 NO-LND. NO-LND group (compared to LND group) included older patients (median age, 73 vs.67 years) and with higher comorbidities (median Charlson Comorbidity Index, 6 vs. 5) (p<0.001). No differences in terms of recurrence rate (LND vs. NO-LND, 33.1% vs. 41.4%; p=0.240) were observed. At Cox regression analysis lymphadenectomy did not significantly influence DFS (HR=0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.32–1.08; p=0.09), and DSS (HR=0.14; 95% CI=0.02–1.21; multivariable analysis p=0.07). Positive node was independently associated with worse DFS (HR=6.22; 95% CI=3.08–12.60; p<0.001) and DSS (HR=5.51; 95% CI=2.31– 13.10; p<0.001), while adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved DFS (HR=0.38;95% CI=0.17–0.86; p=0.02) and age was independently associated with worse DSS (HR=1.07;95% CI=1.02–1.13; p<0.001). @*Conclusions@#Although lymphadenectomy did not show survival benefits in patients who underwent surgery for apparent early-stage USC, the presence of lymph node metastasis was the main adverse prognostic factors, supporting the prognostic role of the retroperitoneal staging also in this histological subtype.

Impact of COVID-19 in gynecologic oncology: a Nationwide Italian Survey of the SIGO and MITO groups / 부인종양

Objective@#Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused rapid and drastic changes in cancer management. The Italian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (SIGO), and the Multicenter Italian Trials in Ovarian cancer and gynecologic malignancies (MITO) promoted a national survey aiming to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on clinical activity of gynecologist oncologists and to assess the implementation of containment measures against COVID-19 diffusion. @*Methods@#The survey consisted of a self-administered, anonymous, online questionnaire. Thesurvey was sent via email to all the members of the SIGO, and MITO groups on April 7, 2020, and was closed on April 20, 2020. @*Results@#Overall, 604 participants completed the questionnaire with a response-rate of 70%. The results of this survey suggest that gynecologic oncology units had set a proactive approach to COVID-19 outbreak. Triage methods were adopted in order to minimize in-hospital diffusion of COVID-19. Only 38% of gynecologic surgeons were concerned about COVID-19 outbreak. Although 73% of the participants stated that COVID-19 has not significantly modified their everyday practice, 21% declared a decrease of the use of laparoscopy in favor of open surgery (19%). However, less than 50% of surgeons adopted specific protection against COVID-19. Additionally, responders suggested to delay cancer treatment (10%–15%), and to perform less radical surgical procedures (20%–25%) during COVID-19 pandemic. @*Conclusions@#National guidelines should be implemented to further promote the safety of patients and health care providers. International cooperation is of paramount importance, as heavily affected nations can serve as an example to find out ways to safely preserve clinical activity during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Gynecologic oncology at the time of COVID-19 outbreak / 부인종양

The World Health Organization (WHO) classified the novel coronavirus (i.e., coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) as a global public health emergency. COVID-19 threatens to curtail patient access to evidence-based treatment. Medicine is changing, basically due to the limited available resources. In the field of gynecologic oncology, we have to re-design our treatments' paradigm. During COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, the highest priority is to achieve the maximum benefit from less demanding procedures. Extensive procedures should be avoided, in order to reduce hospitalization and postoperative events that might increase the in-hospital spread of the virus. There are ongoing concerns on the use of laparoscopic procedures, related to the possible contamination of the staff working in the operation room.Other minimally invasive techniques, including, vaginal surgery as well as robotic-assisted and isobaric procedures would be preferred over laparoscopy. A fair allocation of resources is paramount adequate treatments.

Minimally invasive surgery improves short-term outcomes of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy in patients with cervical cancer: a propensity-matched analysis with open abdominal surgery / 부인종양

OBJECTIVES: Nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy has been implemented in order to reduce pelvic floor dysfunctions in women undergoing radical surgery for cervical cancer. Here, we aimed to investigate if the adoption of laparoscopic surgery impacts on patients' outcomes. METHODS: Data of consecutive patients affected by cervical cancer who had laparoscopic nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy were matched 1:1 with an historical cohort of patients undergoing open procedure. A propensity-score matched algorithm was applied. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients' pairs (70 patients: 35 undergoing laparoscopic vs. 35 undergoing open abdominal nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy) were included. Demographic and baseline oncologic characteristics were balanced between groups. Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery had similar operative time than patients undergoing open abdominal procedures (249 [±91.5] vs. 223 [±65.0] minutes; p=0.066). Laparoscopic approach correlated with lower blood loss (30.5 [±11.0] vs. 190 [90.4] mL; p < 0.001) and shorter hospital stay (3.2 [±1.2] vs. 5.4 [2.0] days; p=0.023). Patients undergoing laparoscopy experienced a lower 30-day pelvic floor dysfunction rate than patients having open surgery. Moreover, they experienced shorter recovery of bladder function than patients having open procedures (median, 7 vs. 9 days; p=0.004, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic approach resulted in a faster recovery of bladder function in comparison to open surgery for patients undergoing nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy.

Efficacy and fertility outcomes of levonorgestrel-releasing intra-uterine system treatment for patients with atypical complex hyperplasia or endometrial cancer: a retrospective study / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of levonorgestrel-releasing intra-uterine system (LNG-IUS) treatment in patients affected by atypical complex hyperplasia/endometrial cancer (ACH/EC) wishing to preserve their fertility and to present fertility outcomes of those patients who actively tried to conceive. METHODS: Data of consecutive women with ACH/EC who underwent fertility-sparing treatment using LNG-IUS were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 48 patients and the mean (±standard deviation) length of follow-up was 82.6±47.2 months. Among patients with ACH, 25/28 (89.3%) had a complete response (CR), 2/28 (7.1%) had a partial response (PR) and 1/28 (3.6%) had a progressive disease (PD). Mean (±standard deviation) time to CR was 6.7±4.0 months. Among patients with G1 EC, 13/16 (81.3%) had a CR, 1/16 (6.3%) had a PR and 2/16 (12.5%) had a PD. Mean (±standard deviation) time to CR was 5.0±2.9 months. Among patients with G2 EC, 3/4 (75.0%) had a CR and 1/4 (25.0%) had a PD. Mean (±standard deviation) time to CR was 4.0±0 months. Only 19 (39.6%) patients who had CR actually attempted to conceive. Eleven (57.9%) women tried to conceive naturally while 8 (42.1%) women underwent an in vitro fertilization (IVF). Fourteen (73.7%) patients wishing to conceive achieved a pregnancy (6 spontaneously and 8 through IVF). CONCLUSIONS: Fertility-sparing treatment of patient with ACH/EC with LNG-IUS achieves high regression rates and good fertility outcomes. Future larger multi-institutional studies should be designed to confirm these preliminary findings.

Artificial intelligence weights the importance of factors predicting complete cytoreduction at secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Accumulating evidence support that complete cytoreduction (CC) at the time of secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) improves survival in patients affected by recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC). Here, we aimed to determine whether artificial intelligence (AI) might be useful in weighting the importance of clinical variables predicting CC and survival. METHODS: This is a retrospective study evaluating 194 patients having SCS for ROC. Using artificial neuronal network (ANN) analysis was estimated the importance of different variables, used in predicting CC and survival. ANN simulates a biological neuronal system. Like neurons, ANN acquires knowledge through a learning-phase process and allows weighting the importance of covariates, thus establishing how much a variable influences a multifactor phenomenon. RESULTS: Overall, 82.9% of patients had CC at the time of SCS. Using ANN, we observed that the 3 main factors driving the ability of achieve CC included: disease-free interval (DFI) (importance: 0.231), retroperitoneal recurrence (importance: 0.178), residual disease at primary surgical treatment (importance: 0.138), and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage at presentation (importance: 0.088). Looking at connections between different covariates and overall survival (OS), we observed that DFI is the most important variable influencing OS (importance: 0.306). Other important variables included: CC (importance: 0.217), and FIGO stage at presentation (importance: 0.100). CONCLUSION: According to our results, DFI should be considered as the most important factor predicting both CC and OS. Further studies are needed to estimate the clinical utility of AI in providing help in decision making process.

A score system for complete cytoreduction in selected recurrent ovarian cancer patients undergoing secondary cytoreductive surgery: predictors- and nomogram-based analyses / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To test the applicability of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie (AGO) and Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) criteria in predicting complete cytoreduction (CC) in patients undergoing secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) for recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC). METHODS: Data of consecutive patients undergoing SCS were reviewed. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie OVARian cancer study group (AGO-OVAR) and MSK criteria were retrospectively applied. Nomograms, based on AGO criteria, MSK criteria and both AGO and MSK criteria were built in order to assess the probability to achieve CC at SCS. RESULTS: Overall, 194 patients met the inclusion criteria. CC was achieved in 161 (82.9%) patients. According to the AGO-OVAR criteria, we observed that CC was achieved in 87.0% of patients with positive AGO score. However, 45 out of 71 (63.4%) patients who did not fulfilled the AGO score had CC. Similarly, CC was achieved in 87.1%, 61.9% and 66.7% of patients for whom SCS was recommended, had to be considered and was not recommended, respectively. In order to evaluate the predictive value of the AGO-OVAR and MSK criteria we built 2 separate nomograms (c-index: 0.5900 and 0.5989, respectively) to test the probability to achieve CC at SCS. Additionally, we built a nomogram using both the aforementioned criteria (c-index: 0.5857). CONCLUSION: The AGO and MSK criteria help identifying patients deserving SCS. However, these criteria might be strict, thus prohibiting a beneficial treatment in patients who do not met these criteria. Further studies are needed to clarify factors predicting CC at SCS.

Oncologic effectiveness of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy in cervical cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (NSRH) was introduced with the aim to reduce pelvic dysfunctions related to conventional radical hysterectomy (RH). Here, we sought to assess the effectiveness and safety of NSRH in a relatively large number of the patients of cervical cancer (CC) patients undergoing either primary surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by surgery. METHODS: Outcomes of consecutive patients undergoing NSRH and of a historical cohort of patients undergoing conventional RH were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: This study included 325 (49.8%) and 327 (50.2%) undergoing NSRH and RH, respectively. Via a multivariable model, nodal status was the only factor predicting for DFS (hazard ratio [HR]=2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.17–3.73; p=0.01). A trend towards high risk of recurrence was observed for patients affected by locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) undergoing NACT followed by surgery (HR=2.57; 95% CI=0.95–6.96; p=0.06). Type of surgical procedures (NSRH vs. RH) did not influence risk of recurrence (p=0.47). Similarly, we observed that the execution of NSRH rather than RH had not a detrimental effect on OS (HR=1.19; 95% CI=0.16–9.01; p=0.87). Via multivariable model, no factor directly correlated with OS. No difference in early complication rates was observed between the study groups. Conversely, a significant higher number of late complications was reported in RH versus NSRH groups (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that NSRH upholds effectiveness of conventional RH, without increasing recurrence and complication rates but improving pelvic dysfunction rates.

Morcellation of apparent benign uterine myoma: assessing risk to benefit ratio / 부인종양

No abstract available.

Morcellation of apparent benign uterine myoma: assessing risk to benefit ratio / 부인종양

No abstract available.

Sentinel lymph node detection in endometrial cancer: does injection site make a difference? / 부인종양

No abstract available.

A critical assessment on the role of sentinel node mapping in endometrial cancer / 부인종양

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the developed countries. Although the high incidence of this occurrence no consensus, about the role of retroperitoneal staging, still exists. Growing evidence support the safety and efficacy of sentinel lymph node mapping. This technique is emerging as a new standard for endometrial cancer staging procedures. In the present paper, we discuss the role of sentinel lymph node mapping in endometrial cancer, highlighting the most controversies features.

Fertility-sparing surgery in high-risk ovarian cancer / 부인종양

No abstract available.

Role of paclitaxel and cisplatin as the neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: The therapeutic outcomes of patients with advanced vulvar cancer are poor. Multi-modality treatments including concurrent chemoradiation or different regimens of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), and surgery have been explored to reduce the extent of surgery and morbidity. The present single-institution trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of paclitaxel and cisplatin in locally advanced vulvar cancer. METHODS: From 2002 to 2009, 10 patients with stage III-IV locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva were prospectively treated with 3 courses of paclitaxel-ifosfamide-cisplatin or paclitaxel-cisplatin. Nine of them subsequently underwent radical local excision or radical partial vulvectomy and bilateral inguino-femoral lymphadenectomy. RESULTS: The clinical response rate of all enrolled patients was 80%, whereas the pathological responses included 1 case with complete remission, 2 with persistent carcinoma in situ, and 6 invasive cancer cases with tumor shrinkage of more than 50%. Four patients had positive nodes. Forty percent of patients experienced grade 3-4 bone marrow toxicity, which was successfully managed with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, even in cases of elderly patients. Median progression-free survival after surgery was 14 months (range, 5 to 44 months). Six of the 7 recurrent cases were local, and 3 of them were treated with salvage surgery while the other 3 received radiation with or without chemotherapy. After a median follow-up period of 40 months (range, 5 to 112 months), 55.5% of patients remained alive with no evidence of disease, including 2 long-term survivors after recurrence at 5 and 9 years. CONCLUSION: Based on the high response rate and manageable toxicity, NACT with paclitaxel and cisplatin with or without ifosfamide followed by surgery could be considered as a therapeutic option for locally advanced vulvar cancer.